La crise des finances publiques au Brésil et le cas du Covid

Cet article analyse la crise des finances publiques au Brésil qui persiste depuis 2013 et est aggravée par les effets de la Covid. Malgré les contraintes budgétaires imposées par le cadre constitutionnel, le Gouvernement fédéral a déployé des moyens importants vers les entités fédérées pour faire face à la pandémie. Un régime financier d'urgence a visé à contrecarrer la pénurie, le chômage et les effets du confinement. Le pacte fédératif en ressort renforcé, sachant qu'une décision de la Cour suprême a rappelé que les organes fédérés et les municipalités ont une compétence concurrente en matière sanitaire, ce qui dilue politiquement le pouvoir fédéral.Alternate abstract: This article analyses the public finances crisis in Brazil, which lingers since 2013 and is worsened by the effects of Covid-19. In spite of the budgetary constraints imposed by the Constitution, the federal Government has deployed substantial resources towards the federated entities to tackle the pandemic. An emergency financial mechanism was aimed to counteract shortage, unemployment and lock down consequences. The federative pact was consequently strengthened, knowing that a ruling of the Supreme Court recalled that federated bodies and municipalities have a concurrent jurisdiction on health matters, which weakens the political influence of the federal power.

Judicial protection of the right to health in the context of Covid-19 and populism in Brazil

Background The Covid-19 pandemic has brought new challenges to the health systems of Latin America. However, the institutions and mechanisms created by the Social State of Law were unable to confront these new risks. As a result of that, populist governments have used this crisis as an opportunity to deepen the high levels of inequalities through the appropriation of power, wealth and social welfare. Courts have also reacted in order to guarantee the right to health;however, many challenges remain. Objective To examine the challenges and opportunities of the judicial protection of the right to health in the context of Covid-19 and Populism in Brazil. Methodology Qualitative, descriptive and exploratory. Documentary research was carried out by reviewing databases such as Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Indexed articles, jurisprudence, legislation, and literature were also reviewed. Additional publications were also identified through other sources. Results There is an inversely proportional relationship between the intensity of the crisis and the level of judicial activism on the part of the Courts. Therefore, the more the scale and intensity of the crisis generated by populist governments in the context of pandemics, uncertainty, and inequality the more reflexive, and strategic courts should be and the more protection, defense and monitoring should be promoted in order to ensure the fulfilment of the right to the highest attainable level of health especially of the most vulnerable. On the other hand, the more compliance through the availability of health goods and services, and the more availability of health workers with better salaries, social security and working conditions the more resilient the State will be to face emergencies, which at the same time will promote fewer restrictions on fundamental rights. Conclusions Courts play a special role in protecting the right to health, especially in the context of emergencies and crises. States must adopt measures by using the maximum available resources in order to protect the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Résumé Alors que le Droit à la Santé pouvait être menacé à l’occasion de l’épidémie de Covid-19, les tribunaux judiciaires par leurs décisions ont permis une meilleure allocation des ressources favorables à la population.

Brazil: hate and intolerance in times of pandemic in a mixed-race country.

This paper intends to analyse the current political and social situation in Brazil and show how this context has influenced the management of the public health crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, the authors conducted an investigation into Brazil's historical roots, which have not only engendered deep class differences but, also, social psychopathologies such as dissociation and perversion. Finally, this paper presents a symbolic analysis of social exclusion and how the mythical figure of Sophia can inspire a renewed movement of inclusion and tolerance.

Cet article se propose d'analyser la situation politique et sociale actuelle au Brésil et de montrer comment ce contexte a influencé la gestion de la crise sanitaire publique générée par la COVID-19. Dans ce but, les autrices ont conduit une enquête approfondie sur les racines historiques du Brésil, racines qui ont engendré non seulement de profondes différences de classes mais également des psychopathologies sociales, telles la dissociation et la perversion. Cet article présente en conclusion une analyse symbolique de l'exclusion sociale et montre comment le personnage mythique de Sophia peut inspirer un mouvement renouvelé d'inclusion et de tolérance.

El presente trabajo intenta analizar la situación actual política y social en Brasil y muestra como este contexto ha influenciado el manejo de la crisis de la salud pública generada por la pandemia del COVID-19. A este fin, las autoras llevaron a cabo una investigación sobre las raíces históricas de Brasil, las cuales, no solamente han generado profundas diferencias de clase, sino también psicopatologías sociales como disociación y perversión. Finalmente, el presente trabajo presenta un análisis simbólico de la exclusión social y cómo la figura mítica de Sophia puede inspirar un movimiento renovador de inclusión y tolerancia.